ADHDs

ADHDs are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. The condition typically begins in childhood and can persist into adolescence and adulthood, though symptoms and their impact may change over time. Global prevalence in childhood is roughly 5 to 7 percent, with many cases remaining undiagnosed or untreated into adulthood.

ADHDs are commonly described as three presentations: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined. To meet diagnostic criteria, several symptoms must be present before age 12 and cause impairment in two or more settings, such as home and school. Symptoms must be inconsistent with developmental level, not be better explained by another condition, and persist for at least six months in a maladaptive way.

Etiology is multifactorial, with strong genetic influences and differences in brain structure and function that may affect attention and impulse control. Environmental factors, prenatal exposures, and early life stress can contribute but do not by themselves cause ADHDs.

Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation using criteria from DSM-5 or ICD-10, information from multiple sources, and a review of medical history. There are no definitive laboratory tests for ADHDs.

Treatment typically involves a combination of behavioral interventions, educational supports, and medication. Stimulant medications such as methylphenidate and amphetamines are commonly used as first-line pharmacotherapy, with non-stimulants like atomoxetine or guanfacine available for certain individuals. Psychosocial therapies, parent training, and school accommodations support skill development and functioning. With appropriate management, many individuals experience improved attention, behavior, and daily functioning, though ADHDs is often a chronic condition requiring ongoing monitoring.