8D

8D, short for Eight Disciplines Problem Solving, is a structured, team-based approach used to identify, correct, and prevent recurrence of quality issues. It guides a cross-functional team through a sequence of eight disciplined activities to address customer complaints or product defects and to implement durable corrective actions.

Originating at Ford Motor Company in the 1980s, the method was later standardized and widely adopted in the automotive industry and beyond, with AIAG publishing guidelines describing its use as part of core quality tools. It is commonly applied in manufacturing, supplier quality, and service contexts to improve processes and product reliability.

Eight disciplines are typically labeled D1 through D8: D1: establish the team; D2: describe the problem; D3: implement interim containment actions; D4: identify and verify root causes; D5: choose and verify permanent corrective actions; D6: implement permanent corrective actions and validate them; D7: prevent recurrence; D8: recognize the team and close the problem.

Practitioners often use root-cause analysis methods such as 5 Whys and fishbone diagrams, supported by data analysis and other quality tools like FMEA. Benefits include a structured problem-solving process, explicit accountability, cross-functional collaboration, and a focus on long-term solutions rather than quick fixes.

Limitations include potential time and resource requirements, the need for thorough problem framing, and the risk of misapplication if not led by qualified personnel. When applied correctly, 8D complements other quality tools and management systems, serving as a formal mechanism to reduce repeat issues and improve customer satisfaction.