2Dgraphics

2D graphics refers to digital representations of visual information in two dimensions, using the x and y axes to define position on a plane. They are distinct from 3D graphics, which incorporate depth. 2D graphics can be raster-based, storing color data per pixel, or vector-based, describing imagery with geometric primitives such as points, lines, and curves. Raster graphics are resolution dependent; common formats include PNG, JPEG, GIF, BMP, and WebP. They are well suited to complex images but lose clarity when scaled. Vector graphics are resolution independent; shapes are defined by paths and attributes, allowing infinite scaling without quality loss. SVG is a widely used vector format for the web, while AI, EPS, and PDF are common in other workflows. Many systems employ hybrid approaches that rasterize vector content for display.

Color and color management in 2D graphics typically use RGB color spaces for screens, often with an alpha channel for transparency, and CMYK for printing. Color profiles and gamma handling help ensure consistent appearance across devices.

Rendering and workflow involve transforming coordinates, applying clipping and compositing, and producing a raster image for display or print. Software libraries provide drawing primitives for shapes, text, and images, and may leverage hardware acceleration via GPUs. Popular toolkits include HTML5 Canvas and SVG for web development, and libraries such as Cairo, Skia, Direct2D, Qt, and GTK for desktop applications.

Applications of 2D graphics span user interfaces, vector art, charts and diagrams, 2D games, and data visualization. Its techniques underpin many modern graphics pipelines, with an emphasis on clarity, scalability, and performance.