ärritusi

ärritusi, in this context often translated as irritations, refers to conditions characterized by discomfort or distress caused by irritation of tissues. They commonly affect the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, and can also involve the upper airways. Irritations can be acute, occurring after brief exposure, or chronic with repeated or ongoing exposure to irritants.

Causes and types include several broad categories. Skin irritations frequently result from irritant contact dermatitis, caused by detergents, solvents, or acids, or from allergic contact dermatitis, which is an immune-mediated reaction to allergens such as metals or fragrances. Eye irritations may arise from chemicals, smoke, or mechanical irritation from contact lenses. Respiratory irritations can be triggered by dust, fumes, or strong odors, leading to coughing or throat or lung discomfort. Friction, heat, or extreme temperatures can also produce irritations in various tissues.

Mechanisms involve inflammation and tissue barrier disruption. Non-immunologic irritations cause direct local irritation and inflammatory mediator release, while allergic irritations involve sensitization and immune responses. Nerve fibers contribute to the sensation of burning, stinging, or itching.

Symptoms vary by area but commonly include redness, itching, burning, stinging, or dryness on the skin; tearing, redness, and gritty sensation in the eyes; and cough, sore throat, or wheezing with airway irritation. Diagnosis relies on history and examination, with patch testing used to identify allergies in suspected allergic dermatitis. Additional tests may be used to identify specific irritants.

Treatment focuses on removing or avoiding the irritant, protecting the affected tissue, and supporting healing. For skin, emollients and, if needed, topical steroids may be used. For eyes, thorough rinsing and lubricating drops help; for airway irritation, avoiding triggers and, if necessary, medical therapy is advised. Prevention includes proper labeling, use of protective equipment, and choosing gentler products.