Irritations

Irritation is a broad term for sensations of discomfort or annoyance and tissue reactions triggered by chemical, physical, or environmental stimuli. Irritations can affect the skin, eyes, airways, or other tissues, and they also describe psychological feelings of annoyance. In medical usage, irritation usually refers to non-immunologic inflammatory responses to irritants, such as irritant contact dermatitis or mucosal irritation, which are distinct from allergies that involve immune sensitization.

Common irritants include soaps and detergents, solvents, acids and alkalis, fragrances, cosmetics, smoke, dust, chlorine, cold dry air, and repetitive friction. The symptoms depend on the site of exposure: skin irritation often causes redness, burning, itching, and cracking; eye irritation causes redness, tearing, burning, and light sensitivity; respiratory irritation can cause coughing, throat irritation, wheeze, or shortness of breath.

Management centers on avoiding or reducing exposure and soothing affected tissues. Rinse exposed skin with water, use mild cleansers, and apply moisturizers. For eyes, flushing with clean water or saline is first aid; seek care for persistent or worsening symptoms. Protective equipment and barrier creams can prevent dermatitis in high-risk settings. Persistent irritation may require medical evaluation, and dermatitis may be evaluated with patch testing to distinguish irritants from allergens.