yakshas

Yakshas are a class of nature-spirits in Indian religious and folk traditions. They are commonly described as guardians of natural places such as forests, rivers, wells, and groves, and as custodians of hidden wealth. The term appears in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain literature as well as in regional folklore. The Sanskrit word yaksha means watcher or guardian. Yakshas are typically depicted as powerful beings who can be benevolent or mischievous, and they appear in both human and semi-divine forms. In art they are often shown with a corpulent body, sometimes accompanied by symbols of wealth, such as a jewel tree or a money bag.

In Hinduism, yakshas are nature spirits connected with fertility and prosperity. They are described as guardians of treasures and sacred springs and, in some traditions, associated with Kubera, the god of wealth, serving as his attendants or ministers.

Buddhist tradition regards Yakshas and Yakshinis as nature spirits inhabiting forests, mountains and rivers. They may protect sacred sites, aid or obstruct travelers, and sometimes appear as guardians of relics. In Buddhist art they appear at many sites as protective figures at gateways and around stupas.

Jainism also recognizes Yakshas as guardian deities, usually paired with each Tirthankar in the form of a male Yaksha and a female Yakshini who symbolize dharma and abundance.

In iconography and sites, yakshas are depicted in early Indian sculpture and architecture, appearing at sites such as Sanchi, Mathura and Ajanta. They are shown as guardians at temple entrances and sometimes as features in garden motifs.