ventriculoperitoneal

Ventriculoperitoneal refers to a ventriculoperitoneal shunt system used to treat hydrocephalus by diverting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the cerebral ventricles to the peritoneal cavity. The goal is to relieve ventricular enlargement and reduce intracranial pressure, improving symptoms and preventing damage to brain tissue.

Indications include hydrocephalus due to intraventricular hemorrhage, meningitis, brain tumors, congenital aqueductal stenosis, post-surgical obstruction, and normal pressure hydrocephalus. It is one of the most common neurosurgical procedures for chronic CSF diversion.

The system typically comprises a proximal catheter inserted into a lateral ventricle, a valve or reservoir to regulate flow, and a distal catheter tunneled under the skin to the peritoneal cavity. Modern implants often use programmable valves and anti-siphon devices to prevent overdrainage. Although most commonly placed as a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, other configurations include ventriculoatrial and lumboperitoneal shunts.

Surgical placement is performed under general anesthesia, with attention to minimizing infection and accurately locating the ventricle and peritoneal space. Postoperative care includes imaging to verify function and regular outpatient follow-up. Patients may experience symptom improvement, such as relief from headaches and cognitive or gait disturbances, though outcomes depend on the underlying condition and timing of treatment.

Complications can include shunt infection, obstruction, overdrainage leading to subdural collections or slit ventricle syndrome, valve failure, and hardware issues such as disconnection or fracture. Management often requires revision surgery, valve adjustment, or temporary CSF drainage via an external drain.

Historically, ventriculoperitoneal shunts have evolved with programmable valves and various anti-siphon mechanisms, remaining a mainstay in hydrocephalus management. Related therapies include endoscopic third ventriculostomy in select cases.