urti

Urti, short for upper respiratory tract infection, is a broad term for infections of the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and related upper airway structures. It is among the most common reasons for medical visits and antibiotic prescriptions. Most URTIs are caused by viruses; rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza, parainfluenza, and adenoviruses are frequent offenders. Bacterial URTIs can occur but are less common and include streptococcal pharyngitis, acute otitis media, and sometimes acute bacterial sinusitis, often following a viral illness.

Transmission occurs mainly through respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes and via contact with contaminated surfaces. Risk factors include young age, crowded living conditions, poor hygiene, seasonal changes, and underlying health conditions.

Common symptoms vary by site but often include nasal congestion or discharge, sore throat, cough, low- to moderate-grade fever, and malaise. Sinusitis may feature facial pain and postnasal drainage; otitis media involves ear pain. Most URTIs are self-limited.

Diagnosis is usually clinical. Red flags prompting further evaluation include trouble breathing, drooling or severe throat swelling, high fever persisting beyond a few days, dehydration, or neck stiffness. Imaging and laboratory tests are not routinely required.

Management centers on symptom relief and supportive care. Most URTIs do not require antibiotics. Recommended measures include rest, fluids, analgesics/antipyretics (eg, acetaminophen or ibuprofen), saline nasal irrigation, and humidified air. Cough and decongestant medications may be used in adults; antibiotics are reserved for specific bacterial infections per guidelines.

Prevention focuses on hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and vaccination (influenza and pneumococcal vaccines). Most URTIs improve within 7–10 days, though some symptoms may last longer.