analgesicsantipyretics

Analgesics-antipyretics are drugs that relieve pain (analgesia) and reduce fever (antipyresis). They are used to treat mild to moderate pain and fever associated with common conditions such as headaches, muscle aches, dental pain, and viral illnesses. The term covers several drugs, the most common being nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin, and the analgesic/antipyretic acetaminophen (paracetamol). Unlike some NSAIDs, acetaminophen has little anti-inflammatory activity at standard doses.

Mechanism and actions: NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), lowering peripheral and central prostaglandin synthesis, which reduces pain and fever and, in many cases, inflammation. Acetaminophen is thought to act primarily in the central nervous system, dampening fever set point and pain signaling, with minimal anti-inflammatory effects.

Safety and considerations: Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible time. Acetaminophen overdose can cause severe liver damage; avoid co-using multiple products containing acetaminophen. NSAIDs can cause stomach irritation, ulcers, and kidney impairment, and may elevate cardiovascular risk in some patients. They are often avoided in late pregnancy and in certain patients with ulcers, kidney disease, or bleeding disorders; aspirin is associated with Reye syndrome in children with viral illnesses and is generally avoided in that population. Always consider potential drug interactions, especially with anticoagulants, alcohol, or other analgesics.

Formulations: Available in oral tablets, capsules, liquids, and rectal forms, with pediatric and adult dosing provided on product labels or by a clinician. Analgesics-antipyretics treat symptoms but do not cure the underlying disease.