undertextning

Undertextning is the process of adding textual representations of spoken dialogue and significant audio cues to audiovisual media, displayed on screen, typically at the bottom. Subtitles serve two main purposes: translating dialogue for viewers who do not understand the original language, and providing accessibility for viewers who are deaf or hard of hearing by describing speech and important sounds.

Subtitles can be open (embedded in the video and always visible) or closed (stored separately and selectable by the viewer). They may be translations or transcriptions in the original language, and can include speaker labels and descriptive notes for sounds. Captioning is a related form that emphasizes accessibility by describing music, sound effects, and tone in addition to dialogue.

The production process usually involves transcription of the spoken content, translation or adaptation, timing to synchronize text with speech, and typographic layout. File formats commonly used for digital media include SRT, WebVTT, and ASS/SSA, while broadcasting and professional film workflows may use more integrated or embedded subtitle solutions. Live subtitling is produced in real time, often with subsequent editing to improve accuracy.

Readability and accessibility guidelines influence font choice, color, size, line length, and how dialogue is split across lines to minimize obstruction of on-screen action. Undertextning is a key component of media localization and accessibility, impacting viewer comprehension and overall experience.