tromózy

Tromózy, or thromboses, refer to the formation of blood clots within blood vessels, which can obstruct the flow of blood. They can occur in veins or arteries and may lead to tissue damage or life-threatening complications depending on their location.

Pathophysiology and risk factors are commonly described by Virchow's triad: stasis of blood flow, hypercoagulability, and endothelial injury. Situations such as immobility, surgery, cancer, pregnancy, and certain genetic or acquired disorders increase the risk. Additional factors include obesity, smoking, oral contraceptives, and advanced age.

Common types include venous thrombosis, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) usually in the legs, and superficial thrombophlebitis. A thrombus in the veins can dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism (PE). Arterial thrombosis can lead to acute coronary syndromes or ischemic stroke, and cerebral or peripheral arterial occlusions may occur in other settings.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment supported by tests. D-dimer testing, ultrasound for suspected DVT, and CT pulmonary angiography for suspected PE are widely used. Arterial thrombosis may require CT or MR imaging and sometimes angiography.

Treatment typically involves anticoagulation to prevent clot extension and new clot formation, using heparin products or direct oral anticoagulants, and sometimes warfarin. In selected cases, thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy may be employed. Prevention focuses on risk reduction, early mobilization, prophylactic anticoagulation in high-risk patients, and management of underlying conditions.

Prognosis varies with location and promptness of treatment. Potential complications include recurrence, post-thrombotic syndrome after DVT, and significant morbidity from PE or arterial ischemia.