tilbakekasting
Tilbakekasting, or backcasting, is a method used in futures studies and sustainability planning. It starts from a defined, desirable end state in the future and works backward to map the steps, policies, and decisions that would be necessary to reach that state from the present day. It is contrasted with forecasting, which projects current trends forward without prescribing a preferred outcome.
Origin and usage: The concept was popularized in English as backcasting by John B. Robinson in 1982;
Process: The typical process includes (a) defining a coherent, desirable future (e.g., carbon-neutral city by 2050),
Applications and criticisms: It is used in energy system planning, urban development, transportation, and corporate strategy