terrasses

Terrasses (terraces) refer to flat, level surfaces that extend from a building or are cut into a slope to create stepped, usable spaces. The term encompasses two broad concepts: architectural terraces used for outdoor living and garden areas, and agricultural terraces formed to convert steep terrain into productive farmland. Both serve purposes of access, climate control, and land management, but they differ in form, function, and construction.

Architectural terraces are outdoor spaces designed to extend usable living areas. They can be at ground level or roof-top, and they are often surfaced with paving, decking, or gravel. Common features include railings, seating, planters, and shade structures. Design considerations include structural support for loads, drainage to prevent water damage, wind exposure, privacy, and integration with surrounding architecture and landscape. Materials range from natural stone and timber to concrete and metal, chosen for durability and aesthetics. Terrace gardens or steps can also improve microclimates by providing sheltered areas and increasing usable outdoor time in urban settings.

Agricultural terraces are engineered platforms that stabilize slopes and increase arable land. They are formed by retaining walls and earth fills that create level fields, reducing erosion and improving water infiltration. Construction involves careful planning of drainage, irrigation, and soil depth. Terraced fields are characteristic of many regions, including the Andean highlands with maize and potatoes, Southeast Asia with rice, and parts of the Mediterranean. They often require ongoing maintenance to preserve wall integrity and proper drainage.

Historically, terrasses have played a key role in landscape design and farming. In Europe, terrace gardens became prominent in Renaissance and Baroque estates, while in tropical and mountainous regions, terraced farming has supported communities for centuries. Modern usage includes urban terraces and green roofs that enhance resilience and livability.