terrarium

A terrarium is a transparent container that houses terrestrial plants and, in some cases, small land-dwelling organisms. Terrariums can be open or closed at the top and are used for decorative display, education, and the creation of miniature ecosystems. Open terrariums rely on airflow and evaporation, making them suitable for drought-tolerant plants such as succulents and certain herbs. Closed terrariums trap humidity and create a self-contained microclimate, supporting moisture-loving plants like mosses, ferns, and many tropical species.

Historically, the concept emerged in the early 19th century with the Wardian case, developed by Nathaniel Ward to transport plants efficiently. The idea of small glass enclosures for plant growth evolved into modern terrariums, which can range from simple bottle encloses to elaborate, multi-layered displays.

A typical terrarium consists of a clear glass or plastic container, a drainage layer (such as gravel or stones), a carbon layer to control odors, a moisture-retentive substrate, and the chosen plants. Some setups include decorative elements, such as small figurines or rocks. When designing a terrarium, gardeners consider light, humidity, temperature, and plant compatibility. Closed terrariums usually require minimal watering, with condensation indicating adequate humidity, while open terrariums need occasional watering and pruning to prevent mold or overgrowth.

Care and maintenance involve bright, indirect light, stable temperatures, and periodic venting or opening to prevent stagnation. Mold and algae can appear if conditions are too damp or poorly ventilated, and excess moisture should be managed through drainage and airflow. Terrariums offer a compact, low-maintenance way to cultivate a living display indoors.