terrariums

A terrarium is a clear glass or plastic container used to create and observe small terrestrial ecosystems. They can be closed or open. Closed terrariums maintain high humidity and recycle moisture, making them suitable for tropical plants; open terrariums are more breathable and better for plants that prefer drier air and better ventilation.

The modern terrarium concept traces to Wardian cases in the 19th century, which were used to transport plants and create stable environments. In homes and classrooms, terrariums became popular as compact, hands-on ways to study plant growth and microclimates.

A typical terrarium consists of a clear container, a drainage layer of gravel or pebbles, a thin layer of activated charcoal, a substrate, and living plants. Closed terrariums suit mosses and shade-loving tropical plants; open terrariums work with succulents, air plants, mosses, and small ferns. Avoid overcrowding to maintain air circulation and reduce mold risk. Decorative elements such as stones or driftwood may be added.

Care involves placement in bright, indirect light and protection from direct sun. Water sparingly in closed systems, relying on condensation; in open systems, water when the soil dries. Prune plants to maintain balance and remove mold or rot promptly. Temperature should align with typical indoor conditions, roughly 60–75 F (15–24 C).

Benefits include decorative appeal, educational value, and the observation of a miniature ecosystem over time. Variations such as paludariums integrate water features for aquatic plants and amphibians, expanding the range of possible microhabitats.