Mold

Mold is a common term for a large and diverse group of fungi that grow in visible clusters of multicellular filaments called hyphae. Together, these hyphae form a mycelium, which can colonize a wide range of organic materials. Molds reproduce mainly by releasing spores, which can be dispersed by air and water.

Molds thrive in moist, warm environments and require organic matter to feed. They are ubiquitous in indoor and outdoor environments and can colonize buildings, food, textiles, and soil. While many species are harmless, some can cause allergic reactions or gastrointestinal symptoms in sensitive people.

Common mold genera include Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Mucor, and Rhizopus. Some molds are used beneficially, for example Penicillium species in antibiotic production and food fermentation. Others produce secondary metabolites called mycotoxins that can be hazardous in high concentrations.

Health and safety: Exposure to mold spores can irritate the eyes, skin, nose, and throat and may worsen asthma or allergies in sensitized individuals. Long-term exposure to certain mycotoxins has been associated with more serious health effects in some cases, though risks depend on species and exposure level.

Detection and management: Mold growth appears as discolored, fuzzy patches on surfaces. Controlling moisture is the primary means of prevention. Cleaning up small mold areas with detergent and water can remove surface growth; larger infestations or growth inside porous materials may require professional remediation and replacement of affected materials.