detergent

Detergent is a cleansing agent composed mainly of surfactants designed to remove dirt and oils from surfaces and fabrics. Unlike traditional soap, most detergents are synthetic or chemically modified compounds that work effectively in hard water, where soaps form insoluble scum. Detergents may be formulated for specific tasks, including laundry detergents, dishwashing detergents, and industrial or institutional cleaners.

Core components include surfactants (anionic, nonionic, amphoteric), builders to soften water, enzymes to break down organic stains, bleaching agents, optical brighteners, fragrances, dyes, and stabilizers or preservatives. Surfactants reduce surface tension and create micelles that solubilize oily residues, allowing dirt to be rinsed away. Builders such as phosphates or zeolites bind calcium and magnesium; in many regions phosphates have been restricted due to environmental concerns, and alternative builders include citrate or polycarboxylates.

Detergent development began in the 20th century with synthetic surfactants, improving performance in hard water and at lower temperatures. Environmental considerations include biodegradability and ecotoxicity, with regulatory trends often limiting phosphates and promoting eco-friendly formulations. Proper disposal and wastewater treatment help mitigate impacts on aquatic ecosystems.

Applications range from household products—laundry powders, liquids, and pods; and hand or automatic dishwashing—to industrial detergents used in textiles, metalworking, and general cleaning processes. Detergents are designed to work across a range of temperatures and water qualities, balancing cleaning power with safety, cost, and environmental responsibility.