tailbiting

Tail biting is a behavioral problem observed in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) in which one pig bites the tail of another, often producing torn or bleeding wounds that can become infected. It is a major welfare concern in intensive production systems and can lead to reduced growth, increased culling, and economic losses.

The causes of tail biting are multifactorial and include environmental stress (such as high stocking density and poor ventilation), inadequate enrichment or opportunities for rooting and chewing, nutritional factors, abrupt changes in diet, and social stress from regrouping or hierarchy. Genetic predisposition and early-life experiences may influence susceptibility, and management practices such as tail docking can modulate risk. Tail length at birth and the overall condition of the housing environment are also considered relevant factors.

Signs of tail biting range from tail-in-mouth contact and gentle nibbling to aggressive biting, which can produce observable lesions at the tail tip or base. Wounds may become infected, leading to abscesses, chronic pain, reduced feed intake, and poorer weight gain. In severe cases, tail injuries can necessitate culling or condemnation at slaughter.

Prevention and management emphasize welfare improvements: providing continuous environmental enrichment (for example straw or other chewable materials), ensuring adequate space and stable social groups, maintaining proper temperature and ventilation, and reducing stress during handling. Routine tail docking is controversial and increasingly discouraged in many jurisdictions; if docking is performed, it should be done under veterinary supervision with appropriate analgesia. Outbreaks require prompt wound care and a review of environmental risk factors to prevent recurrence, along with regular monitoring of tail conditions as an animal-welfare indicator.