tachypnee

Tachypnea, sometimes spelled tachypnee in some texts, is an abnormally rapid breathing rate. It denotes an increased respiratory rate at rest that exceeds the normal range for the person’s age. In adults, a resting rate above about 20 breaths per minute is commonly considered tachypnea, while in children the threshold varies with age and developmental stage.

The causes of tachypnea are numerous and can be broadly categorized as respiratory, metabolic, or systemic. Respiratory causes include pneumonia, asthma or other obstructive conditions, pulmonary edema, acute lung injury, and pulmonary embolism. Metabolic and systemic factors include metabolic acidosis (for example, diabetic ketoacidosis or sepsis), fever, pain, anxiety, hypoxia, heart failure, high altitude, and certain drugs or toxins. Tachypnea may occur with both shallow and deep breathing patterns, and it is often a sign of respiratory distress or inadequate tissue oxygen delivery.

Evaluation typically begins with a careful clinical assessment and measurement of the respiratory rate, preferably for a full minute. Oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry is commonly obtained, and arterial blood gas analysis may be indicated to assess acid–base balance and gas exchange. Chest imaging or further laboratory tests may be required to identify pneumonia, edema, or other underlying conditions.

Management focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Supplemental oxygen is used for hypoxemia, and additional support (fluids, analgesia, anti-infectives, or other therapies) is guided by the specific diagnosis. Tachypnea is a clinical sign rather than a disease, and its prognosis depends on the underlying condition.