specialeffect

Specialeffect, or special effects (SFX or FX), refers to techniques used to create, enhance, or simulate imagery that cannot be captured by standard on-camera methods alone. It encompasses a range of practices used in film, television, theater, live events, and other media to achieve realistic or fantastical visuals.

SFX methods are typically categorized into practical effects, optical effects, and visual effects. Practical effects are produced on set or in studios and include makeup and prosthetics, animatronics, puppetry, mechanical rigs, miniature models, pyrotechnics, weather and environmental effects, and stunts. Optical effects are achieved through in-camera techniques or laboratory processes, such as matte paintings, double exposure, and other in-camera compositing. Visual effects, more common in modern productions, are created or enhanced in post-production using digital techniques like computer-generated imagery (CGI), digital compositing, motion capture, and image restoration.

The use of special effects has evolved from early cinema experimentation to a hybrid practice that combines physical and digital methods. Pioneers experimented with practical devices and stop-motion, while contemporary productions often integrate SFX and VFX to achieve seamless results. The distinction between special effects and visual effects has blurred as many productions blend on-set effects with digital augmentation.

Industry roles center on safety and planning as well as artistic direction. A special effects supervisor oversees the design and execution of practical effects on set, while a visual effects supervisor coordinates digital work in post-production. Both roles require collaboration with directors, cinematographers, and safety teams to manage risk, costs, and scheduling.