SFX

Special effects, commonly abbreviated SFX, is a broad term for techniques used in film, television, theatre, and games to create phenomena that are difficult or unsafe to obtain in reality. SFX can refer to practical (on-set) effects, digital visual effects (VFX), and sound effects used in the audio track. Usage varies by industry and context.

Practical effects are physical creations produced on set. They include makeup and prosthetics, animatronics, miniatures, puppetry, mechanical rigs, and controlled pyrotechnics. When filmed directly, these effects provide tangible interaction with actors and environments but require careful planning and safety measures.

Visual effects are created digitally, usually after shooting, and may combine CGI, digital composites, green or blue screen work, motion capture, and digital matte paintings. VFX can generate or alter elements that are impractical or dangerous to film, or enhance scenes with seamless integration.

Sound effects (SFX) describe audio elements added to a production to convey environment and action. They may be recorded on location, produced in post-production, or recreated through Foley—deliberate, synchronized sounds performed to match actions. SFX libraries also provide synthetic sounds used in scoring and design.

Industry usage varies: some treat SFX as an umbrella term for all effects, while others distinguish practical SFX, VFX, and sound SFX. Award programs often separate Visual Effects from other categories, with sound design handled by the sound department.