pyrotechnics

Pyrotechnics is the science and art of using controlled chemical reactions to produce light, color, sound, heat, and motion for entertainment, signaling, and military purposes. Devices in this field are designed to manage timing, visibility, and safety through material choice, containment, and propulsion.

The practice originated in China, where fireworks were developed for festivals and military signaling. Knowledge spread along trade routes to the Middle East and Europe, evolving from simple firecrackers to elaborate aerial displays, stage effects, and standardized signaling materials by the 18th and 19th centuries.

At the core are energetic materials based on oxidation reactions. Oxidizers provide oxygen while fuels release energy as heat and light. Additives such as metal salts produce colored flames, while casings and fuzes shape timing, lift, and the separation of multiple effects during a sequence.

Applications include public fireworks displays, theatrical and film effects, and military or aerospace uses such as flares, tracers, and propulsion components. Consumer devices exist but are subject to strict safety standards and regulatory control to minimize hazards to people and the environment.

Safety and regulation emphasize training, proper storage, handling, testing, and licensing. Displays rely on licensed operators and safety observers, while manufacturers face requirements for labeling, quality control, and environmental compliance. Environmental concerns include smoke, debris, and residue from energetic materials that require responsible disposal.