Oxidizers

An oxidizer is a substance that can accept electrons from other substances or release oxygen-containing species, thereby promoting or sustaining oxidation in a chemical reaction. In combustion, oxidizers supply the oxygen needed for fuels to burn. In redox chemistry, they act as electron acceptors, enabling oxidation of reducing agents in a wide range of processes from synthesis to the degradation of pollutants.

Common oxidizers include molecular oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3) in the atmosphere, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and chlorine- or manganese-based species such as hypochlorites, chlorates, nitrates, and permanganates. Solid and liquid oxidizers used in industry and rocketry include ammonium perchlorate and other perchlorates, nitrates, and fluorine- or oxygen-rich compounds. The effectiveness of an oxidizer is often described by its redox potential or its tendency to release reactive oxygen species.

Applications cover many fields. In chemical synthesis and polymerization, oxidizers drive reactions and initiate polymer formation. In rocket propulsion, liquid oxygen and other oxidizers provide the oxidant required to burn fuel in the absence of atmospheric oxygen. In water treatment and disinfection, oxidizers such as chlorine compounds, ozone, and potassium permanganate destroy organic contaminants and pathogens. Oxidizers are also used in bleaching, pulp processing, and various industrial oxidation processes.

Safety and handling are important considerations. Oxidizers can react vigorously or explode when in contact with compatible fuels or reducing agents, particularly under heat, confinement, or mechanical shock. They may release toxic gases or cause corrosion, so storage and transportation require strict segregation from incompatible materials and adherence to applicable regulations.