solpanel

Solpanel, commonly called a solar panel, is a device that converts sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. It is a core component of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and consists of multiple PV cells encapsulated in glass and polymer layers, framed for protection and mounting.

Most PV cells are crystalline silicon. Modules are monocrystalline, polycrystalline, or thin-film (such as CdTe or CIGS). Crystalline silicon dominates, with typical commercial module efficiencies around 15–22%.

How it works: photons excite electrons in a PV cell's p-n junction, generating current. An electric field separates charges, producing direct current. An inverter converts DC to alternating current for the grid or loads. Arrays are mounted on racking, sometimes with trackers, and connected through safety devices and monitoring equipment.

Life and performance: typical modules are designed for 25–30 years of useful life; gradual degradation occurs, about 0.5–1% per year. Warranties often guarantee minimum output for 20–25 years. Maintenance is generally limited, though performance can be affected by dust, shading, or soiling.

Applications and economics: PV panels are used in rooftop and ground-mounted setups across residential, commercial, and utility-scale installations. Grid-tied systems commonly use string or microinverters, with net metering and supportive policies influencing economics. Costs have fallen substantially, and PV often competes with conventional energy on a levelized basis in many regions.

Environmental and regulatory aspects: production involves energy, materials, and chemical processes; end-of-life recycling programs are expanding. Modules are designed to meet safety and performance standards and environmental requirements.

Global market: major producers include China, the United States, and the European Union, with deployment expanding as part of decarbonization efforts.