module

A module is a self-contained component of a larger system that provides a defined interface and can be developed, replaced, or understood independently. The modular design approach uses modules to achieve separation of concerns, reusability, and easier maintenance. Modules can refer to software components, hardware blocks, or abstract mathematical structures, and are combined to form more complex systems.

In mathematics, a module over a ring R generalizes the notion of a vector space. An R-module M is an additive abelian group equipped with an action of R that is compatible with the group operation. Submodules, homomorphisms, quotients, and direct sums extend familiar linear-algebra concepts and support the study of algebraic structures in greater generality.

In software engineering, a module is a cohesive unit of code that exposes a well-defined interface. Modules promote encapsulation, reuse, and independent development. Module systems manage dependencies and visibility through mechanisms such as import and export statements or packaging, enabling larger programs to be built from interchangeable parts.

In hardware and systems design, modularity uses distinct modules or blocks with standardized interfaces. This enables scalable architectures, plug-in functionality, easier maintenance, and the ability to replace or upgrade individual components without redesigning the entire system.

In education, a module is a unit of study or curricular content within a course or program. The term is also used in computing to describe a dynamically loadable unit, such as a library or plugin, that can be added to a running system.