schizophrene

Schizophrene is a term used in some languages to refer to schizophrenia, a chronic mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception and emotion, which can affect behavior and social functioning. In French, the disorder is schizophrénie, while schizophrène is used to describe an individual who has the condition. In English, the corresponding term is schizophrenia.

Core symptoms are typically grouped into positive, negative and cognitive domains. Positive symptoms include delusions and hallucinations, as well as disorganized speech or behavior. Negative symptoms involve diminished emotional expression, reduced speech, and social withdrawal. Cognitive impairments can affect attention, memory and executive function, contributing to difficulties in daily living and work.

The exact causes are not fully understood but arise from an interaction of genetic vulnerability and environmental factors, such as prenatal complications, drug use, and psychosocial stressors. Neurobiological findings point to dysregulated neurotransmitter systems, particularly dopamine, as well as irregular brain development in some individuals.

Diagnosis relies on standardized criteria, such as those in DSM-5 or ICD-11, requiring a period of certain symptoms and functional impairment that persists for a significant time. Schizophrenia is a clinical diagnosis supported by medical history, examination and, when appropriate, imaging or lab tests to exclude other conditions.

Treatment aims to reduce symptoms and improve functioning. Antipsychotic medications are central, often complemented by psychosocial interventions, cognitive remediation, family education and coordinated care. Early intervention and sustained treatment improve long-term outcomes and reduce relapses.

Epidemiologically, schizophrenia affects about 1% of the population, with onset typically in late adolescence or early adulthood. Prognosis varies; some individuals experience recurrent episodes with recovery in between, while others require long-term support and rehabilitation.