sceptical

Scepticism refers to a questioning attitude or mindset that involves the critical examination of beliefs, claims, or assertions before accepting them as true. It is rooted in the practice of evaluating evidence, logic, and reasoning rather than relying solely on tradition, authority, or personal conviction. Scepticism is not synonymous with doubt or cynicism; rather, it encourages a disciplined approach to assessing information, reducing the risk of misinformation or bias.

The term originates from the Greek word *skepsis*, meaning "investigation" or "examination." Philosophical scepticism has been explored by thinkers such as Pyrrho of Elis, René Descartes, and David Hume, each contributing distinct frameworks for questioning knowledge. Pyrrho’s form of scepticism, known as Pyrrhonian scepticism, advocates for suspending judgment (*epoche*) when evidence is insufficient, aiming for tranquility through intellectual restraint. In contrast, Cartesian scepticism, exemplified by Descartes’ famous dictum *"Cogito, ergo sum"* ("I think, therefore I am"), uses doubt as a tool to establish foundational truths through rational inquiry.

Scepticism plays a crucial role in science, where hypotheses are rigorously tested and falsified before acceptance. It also informs critical thinking in fields like law, journalism, and everyday decision-making, where evaluating sources and arguments is essential. However, excessive scepticism can lead to paralysis, as it may hinder progress by rejecting all claims outright. A balanced approach—neither blind acceptance nor absolute rejection—is often considered most productive.

In modern usage, "sceptical" describes a person who adopts a cautious or questioning stance toward claims, particularly in the face of insufficient evidence or conflicting information. This attitude is valued in intellectual discourse as a safeguard against dogmatism and propaganda. While scepticism can be applied to any domain—from politics to personal beliefs—its effectiveness depends on constructive engagement with evidence and reasoned debate.