robotyka

Robotyka is a field of science and engineering that deals with the design, construction, programming, and application of robots. It integrates concepts from mechanical engineering, electronics, computer science, automation, and artificial intelligence. The aim is to create machines capable of performing tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously, often in environments dangerous or monotonous for humans.

The term robot originates from Czech, popularized by Karel Čapek in the early 20th century, while modern robotics developed significantly with industrial robots in the mid-20th century. The development spans from basic automation to advanced autonomous systems, perception, and manipulation.

Core components of robots include actuators (electric motors, hydraulics, pneumatics), sensors (vision, tactile, proprioceptive), and control systems (embedded processors, controllers). End-effectors such as grippers or tools enable interaction with the physical world. Key areas of study comprise kinematics and dynamics, motion planning, perception, and manipulation. Subfields cover industrial robotics, service robotics, mobile robotics, humanoid robotics, autonomous systems, robotics in medicine and agriculture, and research robotics.

Applications span manufacturing and logistics, healthcare and surgery, personal and eldercare, agriculture, exploration (space and underwater), public safety, and robotic-assisted services. Advances in artificial intelligence, computer vision, and machine learning are expanding capabilities, enabling more complex tasks and higher degrees of autonomy.

Challenges include safety, reliability, ethics, and governance, as well as interoperability and standardization. Industry standards such as ISO 10218 for industrial robots and guidelines for collaborative robots influence design and deployment. Robotics is an interdisciplinary and evolving field that shapes technology, industry, and everyday life.