regolatori

Regolatori is the plural form of regolatore and is used in Italian to refer to devices, systems, or authorities that regulate a variable to keep it within desired limits. The term covers technical devices in engineering, control systems in industry, regulatory mechanisms in biology, and regulatory bodies in government and organizations.

In electronics and electrical engineering, a regolatore is a circuit or integrated device that provides a stable output despite variations in input or load. Common types include linear regulators and switching regulators (such as buck, boost, and buck-boost converters). They rely on feedback against a reference voltage to adjust a pass element or switching element, and may include features like short-circuit protection and low-noise operation.

In process control and automation, regolatori (controllers) compare a measured variable with a setpoint and drive actuators to minimize error, with PID controllers being common for regulating temperature, pressure, or flow. In biology, regulatory mechanisms control gene expression and metabolism through networks of transcription factors, repressors and activators, contributing to homeostasis and coordinated responses to stimuli.

In governance and economics, regolatori are regulatory authorities that set standards and oversee compliance in sectors such as finance, energy, telecommunications, and the environment. They establish rules, issue permits, monitor enforcement, and regulate market conditions to ensure safety, reliability, fair competition, and protection of public interests.