polyangiitissa

Polyangiitis is a group of rare, serious autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels, leading to damage in various organs and tissues. These conditions occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own blood vessels, causing restricted blood flow and potential organ dysfunction. Polyangiitis can affect small, medium, or large arteries and veins, depending on the specific type, and often presents with symptoms such as fatigue, fever, weight loss, and joint pain. Severe cases may involve life-threatening complications, including kidney failure, neurological deficits, or respiratory distress.

One of the most well-known forms is **granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)**, previously called Wegener’s granulomatosis. GPA primarily affects the upper respiratory tract, kidneys, and lungs, causing symptoms like sinus inflammation, nasal sores, coughing up blood, and kidney problems. Another type is **microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)**, which typically involves small blood vessels and can lead to skin rashes, digestive issues, and kidney damage. **Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA)**, formerly known as Churg-Strauss syndrome, is associated with asthma, allergies, and inflammation of the blood vessels, often affecting the lungs and heart.

Diagnosis of polyangiitis relies on a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, laboratory tests (such as elevated inflammatory markers or autoantibodies), and sometimes a biopsy of affected tissues. Treatment typically involves immunosuppressive medications, including corticosteroids and drugs like cyclophosphamide or rituximab, to suppress the overactive immune response. Early and aggressive intervention is critical to prevent irreversible organ damage.

While the exact cause of polyangiitis remains unclear, genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and immune system dysfunction are believed to play roles. Research continues to improve understanding and treatment options for these complex diseases. Prognosis varies depending on the type and severity of the condition, but with proper medical management, many patients achieve remission and maintain long-term stability.