pneumatyki

Pneumatics is the science and technology of using compressed gases to generate, transmit, and control power. In most practical applications the working fluid is compressed air, but other gases can be used. Pneumatic systems convert the energy stored in pressurized gas into linear or rotary motion and force, typically for automation, tooling, and control tasks. The approach is valued for speed of response, simplicity, and safety, since compressed air is generally readily available and nonflammable.

The basic working principle involves compressing a gas, storing it in a reservoir, and releasing it through valves to actuators. Because gases are compressible, pneumatics handles dynamic behavior such as pressure changes and flow rates, which must be managed for predictable performance. Compared with hydraulic systems, pneumatics offers lower energy density but faster actuation and smoother operation at micro scales, making it well suited for high-cycle tasks and precise positioning at modest forces.

Typical components of a pneumatic system include a compressor, air treatment equipment (filters, moisture separators, dryers, and lubricators), storage tanks, distribution lines, and valves. Actuators are usually pneumatic cylinders for linear motion or rotary motors for turning motion. Control elements comprise directional control valves, which can be manually operated or powered by solenoids or pilots, and sensors or controllers such as pressure regulators, flow controls, and programmable logic controllers (PLCs).

Applications span manufacturing automation, packaging, material handling, robotics, and healthcare devices. Advantages include clean operation, rapid response, modularity, and relatively simple maintenance. Limitations involve lower force density compared with hydraulics, energy losses from leaks and friction, and the need for clean, dry air to prevent corrosion and malfunction.