philántropia

Philanthropy is the practice of voluntary actions intended to improve the welfare of others. It commonly involves giving money, time, or expertise to charitable organizations, educational or scientific institutions, or individuals in need. While philanthropy is often associated with charitable donations, it also includes strategic funding and social investments aimed at creating lasting social impact.

Origins and evolution: Philanthropy has ancient roots in many cultures, but the modern form developed during the 18th–20th centuries with the growth of industrial wealth and civil society. Wealthy individuals and families established foundations to support libraries, universities, medical research, and the arts. The rise of donor-advised funds and corporate philanthropy widened participation beyond individuals and formalized governance and reporting practices.

Approaches: Traditional philanthropy generally centers on grants and philanthropy-driven programs, while strategic or impact philanthropy emphasizes measurable results, theory of change, and sustainability. Some funders pursue venture philanthropy or social investment, aiming to generate both social impact and financial returns.

Criticism and debate: Critics argue that philanthropy can lack accountability, concentrate influence, or address symptoms rather than systemic problems. Proponents contend that philanthropy complements government and markets by funding innovation, piloting solutions, and filling gaps in public provision, research, and culture.

See also: charity, nonprofit organization, social investment, corporate social responsibility, donor-advised fund.