parkinsons

Parkinsons disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremor at rest, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability, as well as a range of non-motor symptoms including sleep disturbances, constipation, mood changes, and cognitive impairment. The condition results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies, which contain aggregates of alpha-synuclein. Onset is typically in older adults and symptoms tend to worsen over time.

Most cases are idiopathic, but genetic factors contribute in a minority of individuals, and environmental exposures may play a role. Age is the strongest known risk factor, with incidence increasing with advancing age. The disease is characterized by motor features in combination with non-motor complications related to autonomic dysfunction, sleep, mood, and cognition.

Diagnosis is based on medical history and neurological examination; there is no single definitive test. Imaging such as dopamine transporter scans can support the diagnosis in uncertain cases or help exclude other conditions. The diagnosis often relies on the clinician’s assessment of the pattern and progression of symptoms over time.

Treatment aims to manage symptoms and maintain function. Levodopa combined with carbidopa remains the most effective medication for motor symptoms. Other drugs include dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, and COMT inhibitors. Non-pharmacological approaches, including physical and occupational therapy, exercise, and speech therapy, are important. Deep brain stimulation may be offered for selected patients with fluctuating motor response to medications.

Parkinsons disease is chronic and progressive, with prognosis varying by age at onset and overall health. Management focuses on symptom control and quality of life. Research continues into disease-modifying strategies and the roles of aging, alpha-synuclein, gut microbiota, and neuroinflammation.