obezitate

Obezitate, commonly referred to as obesity, is a medical condition defined by excessive or abnormal fat accumulation that increases the risk of adverse health outcomes. In adults, it is typically defined by a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m² or higher; overweight is BMI 25–29.9. In children, diagnoses rely on age- and sex-specific percentiles. Obesity arises from an energy imbalance over time, but its causes are multifactorial, including genetics, metabolism, behavior, environment, and socioeconomic factors.

The condition is associated with a range of health risks, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, certain cancers, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, and reproductive or metabolic disorders. Prevalence varies by region, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, with rising rates worldwide and greater burden in some low- and middle-income settings as well as in disadvantaged groups.

Management centers on a person-centered, multidisciplinary approach. Core components include sustained, calorie-conscious dietary changes, increased physical activity, and behavioral support to promote long-term weight management. For many individuals, pharmacotherapy approved for obesity or metabolic conditions may be considered when appropriate. In cases of severe obesity or obesity with complications, bariatric or metabolic surgery can be effective options after careful evaluation and counseling.

Prevention focuses on population-level strategies that support healthy eating and physical activity, such as nutritious food access, reduced consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, portion control, and safe opportunities for movement. Stigma and bias surrounding obesity can hinder care, underscoring the need for respectful, evidence-based practice.

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