niyamas

Niyamas are the second limb of Patanjali's yoga system, defined as personal observances that cultivate self-discipline and inner purity. While the Yamas address ethical restraints in social life, the Niyamas focus on an individual's inner conduct and relationship to the self, the body, and the divine. In the classical Yoga Sutras, the five niyamas are sauca (purity), santosha (contentment), tapas (discipline or austerity), svadhyaya (self-study and study of sacred texts), and ishvara pranidhana (surrender to God or a higher principle).

Sauca refers to cleanliness and purification of the body, environment, and mind, often expressed as hygienic practices, mindful speech, and cultivating clarity. Santosha means contentment and gratitude, accepting present circumstances without excessive craving. Tapas denotes disciplined effort, self-control, and transformative practices that generate heat or inner fortitude, transforming hindrances into discernment. Svadhyaya involves regular study of sacred writings and self-reflection, paired with mindfulness and inquiry into one's own nature. Ishvara pranidhana means surrender and trust, offering one's intentions and actions to a higher power or universal principle, fostering humility and devotion.

Interpretation varies by tradition, but the common aim is to purify motivation, reduce ego-driven reactions, and support spiritual growth. Practice is usually gradual and personal, to be integrated with daily life and other yoga practices. The Niyamas complement the Yamas and are typically taught as part of a holistic approach to ethical living, mental discipline, and self-transformation within yoga.