fortitude

Fortitude is a virtue that enables individuals to endure difficulty with resolve and courage, persevering in the face of pain, danger, or injustice while acting according to a moral purpose.

Etymology and tradition: The term comes from Latin fortitudo, from fortis meaning strong. In classical philosophy fortitude is one of the four cardinal virtues, alongside prudence, temperance, and justice. In Catholic theology it is treated as a cardinal virtue closely linked to moral courage and steadfastness in adversity.

Distinctions: Fortitude does not mean reckless bravado. It requires discernment and sustained effort, combining bravery with self-control and practical judgment. It supports courageous action guided by reason and moral goals, and is most effective when allied with prudence and compassion.

Psychological and everyday use: In psychology, fortitude overlaps with resilience and grit—the capacity to recover from hardship and continue toward long-term goals. In daily life, fortitude shows itself when facing illness, loss, or adversity, choosing to persevere despite fear or fatigue.

Cultural context: Fortitude appears in literature and rhetoric as a symbol of steadfastness and moral strength. The phrases inner fortitude or moral fortitude are widely used to describe enduring conviction and courageous steadiness, qualities valued in leaders, communities, and personal conduct.