networkcommunication

Network communication is the process by which devices exchange data over a shared medium or network. It encompasses the set of protocols, standards, and technologies that enable the transmission, routing, and interpretation of information between endpoints such as computers, servers, and sensors. Communication can occur within a local area network or across wide geographical distances via the Internet.

Architecture typically organizes communication into layers that separate concerns such as physical transmission, data framing, addressing, transport, and application-level services. The most common models are the OSI seven-layer model and the TCP/IP four- or five-layer model. Data is encapsulated into frames, packets, segments, and application data as it moves downward and is decapsulated on the receiving end.

Key components include hosts, switches, routers, bridges, and gateways, plus links such as copper, fiber, and wireless. IP addresses identify devices on an internetwork, while MAC addresses identify network interfaces on a local link. Core protocols include IP, TCP, and UDP for transport; ICMP for diagnostics; and application protocols such as HTTP(S), DNS, FTP, SMTP, and TLS for security.

Transmission can be connection-oriented or connectionless, and networks commonly use packet switching with routing to determine paths. Topologies (star, mesh, ring, bus) influence performance and resilience. Security considerations include encryption, authentication, access control, and privacy protections, as well as practices like VPNs and secure protocols.

Network performance is evaluated using metrics such as bandwidth, latency, throughput, and jitter, with quality of service mechanisms to prioritize traffic. Trends include software-defined networking, network function virtualization, wireless evolution (5G, Wi-Fi 6/7), and Internet of Things connectivity, all aiming to improve scalability, flexibility, and reliability.