VPNs

VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. It creates a secure, encrypted connection over a public network, such as the Internet. A VPN extends a private network across the public Internet, allowing users to send and receive data as if their devices were directly connected to the private network. It can mask the user’s IP and protect data on public Wi‑Fi.

How it works: A VPN client connects to a VPN server and authenticates. Traffic between the client and server is encapsulated in an encrypted tunnel and then routed to the destination. The remote server appears as the source of the traffic. Some services route DNS through the VPN to prevent leaks.

Common protocols include OpenVPN, IKEv2/IPsec, and WireGuard. PPTP and older configurations are less secure. VPNs may include features such as a kill switch, auto-reconnect, and split tunneling. Security depends on strong encryption, good configuration, and a trustworthy provider.

Uses: remote work access, privacy and anonymity, bypassing geographic restrictions, and securing data on public networks.

Limitations and considerations: VPNs do not guarantee anonymity, and providers may log data. Some services block VPNs. There can be speed loss and potential DNS or IP leaks if misconfigured. Legal rules vary by jurisdiction.

Types and deployment: consumer VPNs for individuals, corporate site-to-site and remote-access VPNs, and self-hosted options using OpenVPN or WireGuard. When choosing, review privacy policies, logging practices, and jurisdiction.