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Mâché, commonly known as papier-mâché, is a lightweight composite material made from paper pieces or pulp bound with an adhesive such as flour-and-water paste, white glue (PVA), wallpaper paste, or starch-based mixes. The paper is layered over a mold or formed by hand, then dried to create a rigid surface that can be painted or finished.

The technique is versatile. Strips or sheets of newspaper, tissue, or recycled paper are dipped in or brushed with paste and applied in multiple layers over an armature or form. After each layer dries, additional layers are added to build strength and shape. In some methods, pulp is pressed into a mold, allowed to set, and then released as a solid sculpture. Finishing steps may include sanding, sealing with varnish, and painting.

Historically, papier-mâché has ancient roots in Asia and the Middle East and became popular in Europe from the 17th through the 19th centuries for decorative objects, masks, boxes, and architectural details. In the 20th century it found renewed use in theatre props, puppetry, and crafts, valued for its adaptability and low cost. Modern practice incorporates reinforced variants that mix paper with cloth, mesh, or other fibers, and may employ contemporary adhesives or resins to increase durability and moisture resistance.

Applications and considerations. Papier-mâché is used for sculpture, masks, boxes, and lightweight props, as well as educational and hobby projects. It is generally inexpensive, recyclable, and relatively easy to work with, though drying times and environmental sensitivity (humidity and temperature) can affect results. Non-toxic pastes and finishes are commonly recommended for classroom and home use.