mängulikkus

Mängulikkus, also known as the European starling (*Sturnus vulgaris*), is a small, highly adaptable passerine bird native to Europe, Asia, and parts of North Africa. Recognizable by its iridescent plumage that shifts between green, purple, and blue depending on the light, the starling is often found in urban and agricultural areas, where it thrives in human-altered environments.

The bird is known for its complex social behavior and remarkable vocal abilities. Starlings are highly gregarious, often forming large, noisy flocks known as murmurations, which can consist of thousands of individuals. These coordinated movements are a spectacle in autumn and winter, as birds twist and turn in unison, creating dynamic patterns in the sky. Their vocalizations are diverse, mimicking sounds from their environment, including human speech, machinery, and other bird calls.

Mängulikkus feeds primarily on insects, fruits, and seeds, making it an opportunistic forager. It is also known to raid crops, which can sometimes lead to conflicts with farmers. The species is highly adaptable and has successfully colonized many parts of the world, including North America, where it was introduced in the late 19th century.

Breeding occurs in spring, with females laying 4–7 eggs in nests built in cavities, often in trees, buildings, or man-made structures. Both parents share incubation and chick-rearing duties. Starlings are generally short-lived, with most individuals surviving only a few years, though some can live up to a decade in favorable conditions.

Conservation status varies by region, but the European starling is not currently classified as threatened. However, habitat loss and pesticide use can impact local populations. Its ability to thrive in urban settings has made it a common sight in many parts of the world, though it is sometimes viewed as a pest due to its feeding habits.