Starlings

The starling, or European starling, is a passerine bird in the starling family Sturnidae. Sturnus vulgaris is native to Europe and western Asia, known for glossy iridescent black plumage with hints of purple-green, a bright yellow bill in the breeding season, and a compact, stout body about 20-23 cm long.

The species has been introduced to several regions including North America in the late 19th century by enthusiasts; it is now widespread across temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. Introduced populations also exist in Australia and New Zealand, where starlings have established in urban and agricultural habitats.

Starlings are highly social, forming large flocks that roost communally and exhibit murmurations before roosting. They are opportunistic foragers, feeding on a mix of invertebrates, seeds, and fruit, with diet shifting seasonally. They are strong fliers and can be aggressive at nesting sites, competing with other cavity-nesters.

Nesting occurs in cavities, natural holes, or buildings. Clutch size typically ranges from 4 to 6 eggs, with eggs incubated for about 11-14 days and nestlings fledge about 21-23 days after hatching. Both parents participate in incubation and feeding of the young.

In some regions, starlings are considered pests due to crop and nest-site competition, but they can also help control insect populations. The species is widespread and abundant, and its global conservation status is Least Concern.