myiasiscausing

Myiasis-causing refers to organisms that can induce myiasis, a parasitic infestation in which fly larvae (maggots) invade and feed on the tissues or secretions of a live vertebrate host, including humans and animals.

The principal agents are dipteran larvae from several families. Obligate myiasis-causing species, such as Cochliomyia hominivorax and Chrysomya bezziana, must develop in living tissue. Facultative myiasis-causing species, such as Lucilia sericata and related blowflies, typically infest necrotic tissue or recently dead material but can invade living hosts under conducive conditions. Accidental myiasis occurs when larvae from non-specialist species mistakenly infest a host.

Myiasis presents in several forms depending on location and tissue involvement. Cutaneous (furuncular) myiasis forms boils or nests of larvae in the skin; wound myiasis involves infected wounds; nasopharyngeal, ophthalmic, otic, intestinal, and urogenital myiases are also described.

Life cycle and transmission: Female flies lay eggs on wounds, damp skin, or soiled materials. Eggs hatch to larvae that invade tissues or feed on secretions, molt through stages, then return to the soil to pupate. The development stage and site depend on fly species and host condition.

Epidemiology and risk factors: Myiasis occurs worldwide but is more common in tropical and subtropical regions and in settings with poor sanitation, open wounds, or limited access to medical care. Both humans and domestic animals can be affected, particularly in travelers, outdoor workers, and livestock.

Diagnosis and treatment: Diagnosis relies on visualization or extraction of larvae and clinical suspicion. Treatment generally involves removal of larvae, wound debridement, and wound care; antiparasitic medications such as ivermectin or albendazole may be used, with antibiotics for secondary infection as needed.

Prevention: Reducing exposure to flies through hygiene, wound care, protective clothing, bed nets or screens, proper waste management, and insect control around animals.