mikrokontrolör

Mikrokontrollör, or microcontroller, is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation or set of tasks within an embedded system. It typically combines a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals on a single chip, often with limited power and size budgets. Unlike a general‑purpose microprocessor, a mikrokontrollör is intended to run dedicated firmware with tight real-time requirements, frequently without an operating system.

A typical mikrokontrollör includes a CPU core, on‑chip RAM, non‑volatile memory such as flash or ROM for firmware, and a range of peripherals. Peripherals may include timers, counters, ADCs and DACs, serial interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C), and sometimes USB, CAN, PWM outputs, and network interfaces. Many devices also include on‑chip oscillators and low‑power modes to conserve energy in battery‑powered applications.

Programming is usually done in C or C++, sometimes in assembly, and firmware is stored in on‑chip flash memory. Development flows use toolchains, debuggers, and integrated development environments; in‑circuit emulation or debugging and programming interfaces connect to host computers. Because resources are constrained, code must be efficient and deterministic to meet real‑time requirements.

Mikrokontrollörer come in 8‑, 16‑, and 32‑bit variants and in numerous families (for example AVR, PIC, MSP430, ARM Cortex‑M). They underpin vast applications including consumer electronics, automotive systems, industrial controls, home appliances, and Internet of Things devices. The field emphasizes reliability, power efficiency, and cost‑effective mass production.