microcomputer

Microcomputer refers to a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for use by a single person. It centers on a microprocessor, a single integrated circuit that performs the central processing tasks, and is paired with memory and non-volatile storage. Microcomputers provide standard input and output interfaces such as keyboards, displays, and network connections, enabling a broad range of applications from productivity to programming and entertainment. The term originated in the 1970s to distinguish personal and hobbyist machines from mainframes and minicomputers.

Typical microcomputers consist of a motherboard housing the microprocessor, memory chips, storage controllers, and peripheral interfaces. They run an operating system and applications and come in several form factors, including desktop towers, laptops, and compact single-board computers used in education and hobbyist projects. Embedded microcomputers are often integrated into consumer electronics, vehicles, and industrial equipment, providing dedicated computing within larger systems.

Historically, microcomputers rose with affordable microprocessors in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with landmark systems such as the Apple II, Commodore 64, and IBM PC. Since then, advances in processors, memory, storage, and connectivity have driven the widespread adoption of personal computers and compact devices. The term also contrasts with microcontrollers, which integrate CPU, memory, and peripherals on a single chip for tightly scoped tasks, while microcomputers rely on separate components and general-purpose software.