medaljer

Medaljer, the Scandinavian plural form of the term for medals, are small metal discs or shapes awarded to recognize achievement, service, or commemorating events. They are typically attached to ribbons, pins, or clasps.

Common categories include military decorations for valor or long service, civil awards for contributions to society, sport medals for competition placement, and commemorative medals issued to mark anniversaries or special occasions.

Design often features a raised obverse with an image or portrait and an inscription, while the reverse may show additional text or imagery. Materials range from base metals to precious metals, with finishes such as gilding or enamel; sizes commonly 20–60 millimeters. The ribbon colors and patterns communicate the awarding body and category.

Medals have a long history in antiquity and modern states. The concept matured in the 18th–19th centuries with national orders and campaign medals, expanding in the 20th century to include sports and civilian awards. In most competitions, medals are awarded to top finishers, with gold for first place, silver for second, and bronze for third.

In many countries, medals are regulated by law or military regulations, worn on uniforms during formal occasions, and recorded in official lists. Collecting, authentication, and provenance are common concerns for collectors and museums.