gilding

Gilding is a decorative technique that applies a thin layer of gold or a gold-like substance to a surface to create the appearance of solid gold. It is used on a wide range of substrates, including wood, plaster, stone, and metal, and can involve real gold leaf or imitation materials such as metal foils or gold-colored paints.

True gilding typically uses gold leaf attached with an adhesive known as size. Water gilding employs a water-sensitive size and often a bole under the leaf to improve color and texture; the leaf is laid while the size is tacky and then burnished to a smooth finish. Oil gilding uses an oil-based size and is less sensitive to humidity but generally yields a less bright result than water gilding. Imitation gilding uses non-gold materials—such as bronze, brass, copper, aluminum leaf, or metallic paints—to mimic the appearance of gold. Mercury gilding is a historic method on metal surfaces, now rarely used due to toxicity.

The process typically involves preparing the substrate with a suitable ground, such as gesso and bole, applying the adhesive size, laying the gold leaf, and brushing away excess leaf. In some cases, the surface is burnished for a high gloss, and a protective varnish or sealant is applied to improve durability. Repairs or re-gilding may be necessary for damaged areas.

Gilding has been widely employed in architecture, sculpture, frames, furniture, and decorative arts. It has a long history across many cultures, from ancient civilizations to medieval and modern practices, and remains valued for its luminosity and association with wealth and prestige. Conservation efforts focus on stabilizing the substrate and re-establishing the gold layer where it has deteriorated.