leishmanioosia

Leishmanioosia, commonly called leishmaniasis, is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. It is transmitted to humans and other mammals by infected female phlebotomine sandflies. The disease occurs in tropical and subtropical regions and in parts of the Mediterranean, Central Asia, and South America. The main clinical forms are cutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin ulcers at the bite site; visceral leishmaniasis presents with fever, weight loss, and splenomegaly; mucocutaneous leishmaniasis affects mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, or throat.

The parasite lifecycle involves a sandfly vector introducing promastigotes into the skin; these are phagocytosed by macrophages and transform into amastigotes that multiply within cells. Diagnosis relies on demonstration of the parasite in tissue samples (skin, lymph node, or bone marrow) or by culture and molecular methods; serology or antigen tests may aid in visceral disease.

Treatment varies by form and region. Liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine are commonly used, along with antimonial drugs in some settings. Early treatment improves prognosis and reduces transmission.

Prevention focuses on vector control, insect protection, and reducing animal reservoirs, notably dogs, in endemic areas. No universal vaccine is available for humans.

Most cases respond to treatment, but visceral leishmaniasis can be fatal if untreated, especially in young children, the elderly, or individuals with HIV/AIDS or immune suppression. Endemicity and patterns vary by region, necessitating local clinical guidelines.