HIVAIDS

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that attacks the body's immune system, particularly CD4+ T cells. If untreated, HIV can progressively weaken the immune system and may lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the late stage of infection characterized by severe immune suppression and specific illnesses or cancers. Most people living with HIV who receive timely antiretroviral therapy (ART) do not develop AIDS.

HIV is transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal and rectal fluids, and breast milk. It is not spread by casual contact, sharing utensils, coughing, or touching. Transmission routes include unprotected sex, sharing needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. Symptoms vary; some experience flu-like symptoms soon after infection, while others have no symptoms for years. Without treatment, HIV gradually damages the immune system and increases susceptibility to infections and cancers.

Diagnosis is via HIV tests, including antibody tests, antigen/antibody tests, or RNA tests. ART regimens typically combine several antiretroviral medicines and aim to achieve and maintain an undetectable viral load, which prevents disease progression and virtually eliminates sexual transmission (U=U). Adherence to ART is essential, and monitoring of viral load and CD4 count is routine.

Prevention includes condoms, PrEP for high-risk individuals, PEP after exposure, safe needle practices, and routine testing. Mother-to-child transmission can be greatly reduced with ART during pregnancy and appropriate infant feeding choices. There is currently no vaccine for HIV, though vaccines are under study. Public health efforts focus on expanding testing, treatment access, and reducing stigma. Global impact remains significant, but advances in ART have transformed HIV into a manageable condition for many people.