lartritis

Lartritis, commonly referred to as arthritis, is a collective term for conditions characterized by inflammation of one or more joints. It typically presents with joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced mobility. Symptoms may develop gradually or occur in sudden flares, and they can affect daily activities and sleep.

The most common forms are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriatic arthritis, and infectious arthritis. Osteoarthritis results from wear and tear of joint cartilage and tends to affect larger joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes symmetric joint inflammation and damage. Gout involves crystal deposition from high uric acid. Psoriatic arthritis is linked with psoriasis. Infectious arthritis is caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of the joint.

Causes vary by type but share inflammatory or degenerative processes. Risk factors include age, prior joint injury, obesity, genetic predisposition, smoking, and certain autoimmune diseases.

Diagnosis relies on a clinical history and examination, supported by imaging such as X-ray, ultrasound, or MRI, and laboratory tests. Blood tests may show inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR), autoantibodies (RF, anti-CCP) or elevated uric acid. Joint aspiration can identify infection or crystals.

Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, preserve joint function, and address underlying disease. Nonpharmacologic measures include physical therapy, exercise, weight management, and joint protection. Medications range from analgesics and NSAIDs to corticosteroids; disease-modifying drugs and biologics for autoimmune forms; urate-lowering therapy for gout. Some cases require joint injections or surgery.

Prognosis varies by type and severity. Early diagnosis and ongoing management can improve function and quality of life.