köpprocess

The köpprocess, or purchasing process, is the set of activities through which an organization acquires goods and services. It aims to identify needs, specify requirements, source suppliers, and obtain purchases in a controlled, cost-efficient, and compliant manner.

Key stages include behovsidentifiering and behovsanalys (need identification and analysis), kravspecifikation (requirements specification), leverantörsökning (supplier search), upphandling (procurement) through RFQ/RFP or competitive bidding, anbudsvärdering (bid evaluation), kontraktsförhandling och avtal (contract negotiation and award), beställning (purchase order), leverans och mottagning (delivery and receipt), fakturering och betalning (invoicing and payment), and uppföljning (supplier performance evaluation).

Variations include centralized procurement vs decentralised procurement, strategic procurement, and use of e-procurement platforms, ERP systems, and supplier relationship management. Public sector procurement follows formal rules and often uses frameworks and competitive bidding; private companies tailor köpprocessen to their needs and risk profile.

Outcomes include cost savings, improved quality, and reduced risk. Metrics used to evaluate performance include cycle time, total cost of ownership, price variance, and supplier performance scores. Tools commonly used are e-procurement platforms, ERP systems, and supplier portals. Risk management focuses on compliance, supplier continuity, and fraud prevention.

Governance and sustainability: The process relies on clear roles, approvals, and segregation of duties. Many organizations align with sustainable procurement practices, for example ISO 20400, and with ethical standards to avoid corruption.